Overview: Introduction.- Microeconomic Foundations.- Efficiency Measurement.- Productivity and Performance Measurement.- Engineering Models of Technology.- Mathematical Appendix.- A Word of Advice.- Microeconomic Foundations: Production Functions.- Formal Description of Technology.- Nonparametric Models of Technology.- Cost Function.- Indirect Production Function.- Distance Functions.- Nonconvex Models of Technology.- Efficiency Measurement: Efficiency Analysis.- The Two-Dimensional Projection.- Multi-Stage Efficiency Analysis.- Efficiency Analysis of Warehouse and Distribution Operations.- Productivity and Performance Measurement: Index Numbers.- Productivity Measurement.- Performance Measurement.- Economic Analysis.- Engineering Models of Technology: Index-Based Dynamic Production Functions.- Distribution-Based Dynamic Production Functions.- Dynamic Production Function Approximations.- A Stochastic Input-Output Model.- Multi-Stage, Dynamic Models of Technology.- Optimizing Labor Resources Within a Warehouse.- Mathematical Appendix: A Notation and Mathematical Preliminaries: Logical Statements.- Sets.- Vectors.-Correspondences.- Functions.- Matrices.- Differentiability.- B Real Analysis: Linear Spaces.- Definition.- Examples.- Linear Independence and Dimension.-Normed Linear Spaces.- Definition.